Java Programming In BlueJ Tutorial - Class 10 Computer Application - ICSE

Java Programming In BlueJ Tutorial - Class 10 Computer Application - ICSE

1. Array - Class 10 Computer Applications ICSE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=POMEw7_RXPY

2. Java tutorial for beginners in Bangla 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RlPQ1cGhfNQ

3. Bluej Java Programming Tutorial 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tgZHzgXtrV4

4.Bluej java programming tutorial - Class 9 ICSE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CbO0crhobCM

Networking Chapter Class XII COMPUTER APPLICATION / COMPUTER SCIENCE - WBCHSE / CBSE / ICSE / BCA / B.SC.

 Networking Chapter  

https://youtu.be/ghcRU50h7hQ

C++ Programming - Computer Science - Class XII WBCHSE / CBSE/ ICSE / BCA /B.Sc.

C++ Programming - Computer Science - Class XII WBCHSE / CBSE/ ICSE / BCA /B.Sc.

1. Prime Numbers

https://youtu.be/gqG1RFfrAh4

2.For loop Statement

https://youtu.be/4qKaommKYPw

HS 2019 RESULT

  HS RESULT 2019

STUDENT NAME	CLASS	YEAR	MARKS
Soumeli Maity	XII	2019	94
	XII	2019

HS RESULT 2018

 

HS RESULT 2018

STUDENT NAME	CLASS	YEAR	MARKS
SAYAN BANIK	XII	2018	88

HS RESULT 2016 

HS RESULT 2015 

HS RESULT 2014 

HS RESULT 2012

National Income - Indian Economy

  National Income -  Indian Economy - WBCS 2021 - UPSC IAS Preparation

National Income

The study of National Income is important because of the following reasons:

• To see the economic development of the country.

• To assess the developmental objectives.

• To know the contribution of the various sectors to National Income.

Internationally some countries are wealthy, some countries are not wealthy and some countries are in-between. Under such circumstances, it would be difficult to evaluate the performance of an economy. Performance of an economy is directly proportionate to the amount of goods and services produced in an economy. Measuring national income is also important to chalk out the future course of the economy. It also broadly indicates people’s standard of living.

Income can be measured by Gross National Product (GNP), Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Gross National Income (GNI), Net National Product (NNP) and Net National Income (NNI).

In India the Central Statistical Organization has been formulating national income.

However some economists have felt that GNP has a measure of national income has limitation, since they exclude poverty, literacy, public health, gender equity and other measures of human prosperity.

Instead they formulated other measures of welfare like Human Development Index (HDI).

 

NATIONAL INCOME:

The National income measures the flow of goods and services in an economy.

Note: The National income measured only on flow and not on stock.

 

The National income measures of net volume of goods and services produced in a country during a year. It also includes net earned foreign income. The National Income is counted without duplication.

The National income measures the productive power of an economy (flow).

The National wealth measures the stock of commodities held by the nationals of a country at a given point of time.

The National income estimates are in relation with the financial year.

In India the financial year begins on April 1 and ends on March 31.

BEFORE INDEPENDENCE

No specific attempts were made.The 1^st attempt was made by Dada Bhai Naoroji (Grand Old Man of India) in the   year 1868 in his book ‘Poverty and Un British Rule in India’.He estimated that the per capita annual income as Rs. 20 per annum.

Other estimators William Digby in the year 1899, Findlay Shirras in 1911, 1922     and in 1933, Shah and Khambatta in 1921, V K R V Rao during 1925-29 and 1931-32 and R C Desai during 1931-40.

The above people estimated the national income with the value of the output of the agriculture sector and then added a certain percentage as the income of the non-agriculture sector.The estimates suffered with serious limitations.

 

AFTER INDEPENDENCE:

In August 1949 the Government of India appointed the National Income Committee. Prof. P C Mahalanobis was appointed as the chairman of the National Income Committee.The other 2 members of the committee were Prof D. R Gadgil and Prof V K R V Rao.The main job of the committee was to compile estimates of National Income.The 1^st report was submitted in the year 1951.The final report was submitted in the year 1954.

This report is considered to be a landmark in the history of India as this is the first time that it provided a comprehensive data of National Income for the whole India.

The government established the CSO (Central Statistical Organization) for further estimation of the National income.The CSO regularly publishes the national income.

 

CONCEPT (THEORY) OF THE NATIONAL INCOME:

GNP (Gross National Product)

GDP (Gross Domestic Product)

NNP (Net National Product)

NI (National Income)

PI (Personal Income)

DPI (Disposable Personal Income)

Now let us try to understand the meaning of each:

 

GDP (GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT):

 

The Gross Domestic Product is the money value of all the goods and services produced within the geographical boundaries of a country in a given period of time.

Note: the GDP is only within the country.

 

GNP (Gross National Product):

 

The GNP is the money value of the goods and services produced by a country in a given period of time Plus Total money value of goods and services produced by the nationals outside the country Minus Incomes received by the foreigners with in the country.

Note: The GNP is calculated on the basis of market prices of produced goods, it also includes indirect taxes and subsidies if any.

The GNP is equal to GDP if the income earned and received by the citizens of a country within the boundaries of foreign countries is equal to the income received by the foreigners within the country.

 

NNP (NET NATIONAL PRODUCT):

This is GNP minus depreciation.

NNP = GNP – Depreciation

Note: Depreciation is the consumption of capital stock

 

NI (NATIONAL INCOME):

The National income is also called Net National Product at factor cost. Hence,

NI = NNP minus (total indirect taxes + Subsidies)

Note: Both indirect taxes and subsidies are deducted from the NNP.

 

PI (PERSONAL INCOME):

This is actual income obtained by the people after deducting various taxes.

PI = National Income – (Corporate taxes + payments made for social security) +Government transfer payments+Business transfer payments+Net interest paid by the government.

 

DPI (Disposable personal Income):

This is the Personal income minus direct taxes.

DPI = PI – Direct taxes.

 

HOW THE NATIONAL INCOME IS MEASURED?

 

There a 3 methods to calculate the National income.These methods are given by Simon Kuznets.

• PM (Product Method) or Product service method.

• IM (Income Method)

• CM (Consumption Method) or expenditure method.

In India the combination of Product method and Income methods is used for calculating the National Income.

 

PRODUCT METHOD:

NI = GDP  – income earned in foreign countries – Depreciation.

In the Product method the GDP is taken into consideration.Net income earned in foreign countries is deducted from the GDP.From this the depreciation is subtracted.

 

INCOME METHOD:

In this method the National Income is calculated byNational Income = Total Rent Plus (+) Total wages Plus (+) Total Interest Plus (+) Total Profit.

The total net income of the people working in different sectors and commercial sectors are taken into consideration.

 

Consumption Method:

This method is not generally used for calculating the National income.According to this method

• National Income =Total Consumption Plus Total Savings

 

MISCELLANEOUS:

 

• The per capita income in India is calculated by CSO (Central Statistical Organization).

 

 

• According the statistics released by the CSO in 2015, the per capita income in the country reached Rs. 88538/- per annum . This is according to the data on current prices.

• The PMEAC (Prime Minister’s Economic Advisory Council) in the ‘Economic Outlook’ released on August 1, 2011 lowered the economic growth rate projection from 9 percent to 8.2 percent.The PMEAC also reduced the manufacturing sector growth rate from 9 percent to 7 percent.

• The CSO has included the contributions of all the 3 sectors (Primary, secondary and tertiary) in estimating the National income.

 

Difficulty in measuring National Income

There are many difficulties in measuring national income of a country accurately. The difficulties involved in national income accounting are both conceptual and statical in nature. Some of these difficulties involved in the measurement of national income are discussed below:

Non Monetary Transactions

The first problem in National Income accounting relates to the treatment of non-monetary transactions such as the services of housewives to the members of the families. For example, if a man employees a maid servant for household work, payment to her will appear as a positive item in the national income. But, if the man were to marry to the maid servant, she would performing the same job as before but without any extra payments. In this case, the national income will decrease as her services performed remains the same as before.Problem of Double Counting

Only final goods and services should be included in the national income accounting. But, it is very difficult to distinguish between final goods and intermediate goods and services. An intermediate goods and service used for final consumption. The difference between final goods and services and intermediate goods and services depends on the use of those goods and services so there are possibilities of double counting.

The Underground Economy

The underground economy consists of illegal and uncleared transactions where the goods and services are themselves illegal such as drugs, gambling, smuggling, and prostitution. Since, these incomes are not included in the national income, the national income seems to be less than the actual amount as they are not included in the accounting.

Petty Production

There are large numbers of petty producers and it is difficult to include their production in national income because they do not maintain any account.

Public Services 

Another problem is whether the public services like general administration, police, army services, should be included in national income or not. It is very difficult to evaluate such services.

Transfer Payments 

Individual get pension, unemployment allowance and interest on public loans, but these payments creates difficulty in the measurement of national income. These earnings are a part of individual income and they are also a part of government expenditures.

Capital Gains or Loss

When the market prices of capital assets change the owners make capital gains or loss such gains or losses are not included in national income.

Price Changes

National income is the money value of goods and services. Money value depends on market price, which often changes. The problem of changing prices is one of the major problems of national income accounting. Due to price rises the value of national income for particular year appends to increase even when the production is decreasing.

Wages and Salaries paid in Kind 

Additional payments made in kind may not be included in national income. But, the facilities given in kind are calculated as the supplements of wages and salaries on the income side.

Illiteracy and Ignorance

The main problem is whether to include the income generated within the country or even generated abroad in national income and which method should be used in the measurement of national income.

Besides these, the following points are also represents the difficulties in national income accounting:

• Second hand transactions;

• Environment damages;

• Calculation of depreciation;

• Inadequate and unreliable statistics; etc.

NATIONAL INCOME - INDIAN ECONOMY

 NATIONAL INCOME - INDIAN ECONOMY - WBCS 2021 PREPARATION

National Income

• It is the value of total goods & services produced in an economy over a given period of time.

National Income = C + I + G + (X – M)
Where,
C = Total Consumption
Expenditure
I = Total Investment Expenditure
G = Total Government
Expenditure
X = Export, M = Import

• It can be measured by Gross National Product (GNP), Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Gross National Income (GNI). Net National Product (NNP), Net National Income (NNI) and Per-Capita Income (PCI).

1.1 NATIONAL INCOME AND ITS RELATED AGGREGATES

• Various national income aggregates are estimated either at factor cost or at market price.
  

  Factor Cost

• Factor cost refers to the cost of factors of production viz, rent of land, interest of capital, interest of capital wages for compensation of employees for labour and profit for entrepreneurship.

FC = MP – Indirect taxes + Subsidies

Market Price

• Market Price is the price that customers actually pay. It includes the component of indirect taxes and of subsidies. Accordingly, when indirect taxes are deducted and subsides added to the market price, we get the value of national income at factor cost.

MP = FC + Indirect taxes – Subsidies

GDP (Gross Domestic Product)

• It is the monetary value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a year.

GDP = C + I + G + NX
Where
C = Consumption
I = Investment
G = Government Expenditure
NX = Net Export

• GDPMP = GNPMP – (X – M)
• GDPFC = GNPFC – (X – M)

Where X is the export and M is
import of a country,

Nominal GDP

• It is the market value of all final goods and services produced within the country.

Real GDP

• It is a measurement of the value of the output economy adjusted for price changes.

GNP (Gross National Product)

• It is the market value of all products and services produced in one year of a country (i.e., by labour and property).

GNP = GDP + X – M.

Net National Product (NNP)

•  It is the value of GNP after deducting depreciation of plant and machinery.

NNP = GNP – Depreciation

National Income (NI) = NNP – Indirect Taxes + Subsidies

Per-Capita Income (PCI)

• It is the average income (per person) of a country.

Per−Capita Income=National Income

Personal Income (PI)

• It is the income of the residents (individuals) of a country. To calculate personal income, transfer payments to individuals are added to national income, while social security contributions, corporate tax and undistributed profits are subtracted.

Personal = National Income +
Income Transfer payments –
(Social security contributions
+Undistributed profits of Corporate)

Difference between GDP and GNP

• In GDP, goods and services produced in a country are added, whether it is produced by residents of the country or foreigners.
•  In GNP, the production of foreigners in the country is not included, while the production of nationals outside the country is included.

Disposable Income (DI)

•  It is the income of individuals at their disposal after paying direct tax liabilities.

Disposable = Personal Income –
income Direct taxes (e.g., Income Tax)

Green Economy

This is the economy which deals with the environmental risks and ecological scarcity and also an economy that aims for sustainable development without degrading the environment.

Green GDP

• It is the calculation of net natural consumption (i.e., resource depletion, environmental degradation, protective and restorative environmental initiatives).

1.2 METHODS OF CALCULATING NATIONAL INCOME

• According to Simon Kuznets, National Income can be calculated by three methods.
  (i) Product Method In this method, net value of final goods and services produced in a country during a year is obtained, which is called final product.
  (ii) Income Method In this method, a total of net income earned by working people in different sector and commercial enterprises is obtained. By this method, NI is obtained by adding receipts as total rent, total wages, total interest and total profit.

(iii) Consumption Method It is also called expenditure method. Income is either spent on consumption or saving. Hence, NI is the addition of total consumption and total saving.

1.3 PROBLEMS IN CALCULATING NATIONAL INCOME

Black Money

•  Illegal activities like smuggling and unreported income due to tax evasion and corruption are outside the GDP estimates. Thus, parallel economy poses a serious hurdle to accurate GDP estimates.

Non-Monetisation

In most of the rural economy considerable portion of transaction occurs informally and they are called as non-monetised economy. This keeps the GDP estimates at lower level than the actual.

Growing Service sector

• Many Services like BPO, value addition in legal consultancy, health services, financial and business services and service sector as a whole is not based on accurate reporting and hence, national income is underestimated.

Double Counting

• It is also a hurdle to accurately measure GDP estimates. Though, there are some corrective measures, but it is difficult to eliminate it.

1.4 NATIONAL INCOME ESTIMATIONS IN INDIA

•  The first attempt to calculate national income of India was made by Dadabhai Naoroji in 1867 – 68, who estimated per capita income to be ₹ 20.
• The first scientific method was made by Professor VKRV Rao in 1931-32, but was not very satisfactory.
• The first official attempt was made by National Income Committee headed by Professor PC Mahalanobis in 1949.
• According to the National Income Committee Report (1954), National Income of India was ₹ 8710 crore and Per Capita Income was ₹ 225 in 1948 – 49.
• In India, Central Statistical Organisation (1949) now renamed as Central Statistical Office (CSO) has been formulating National Income.

Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF)

•  It refers to net additions of capital stock such as equipment, buildings and other intermediate goods. A nation uses capital stock in combination with labour to provide services and produce goods.
• To grow at a faster rate, a nation needs high levels of capital formation, so that it can grow its aggregate income as well as per capital income. This is because higher levels of capital stock enable an economy to produce more goods and services.
• To achieve a high level of capital formation, a nation should also achieve high levels of domestic savings (both households and firms), so that capital formation can be funded without relying on external debt.
• In GFCF, the term gross signifies that adjustments due to depreciation of capital stock (e.g., machinery) are not made. When such an adjustment is made, it is called Net Fixed Capital Formation.
• The term fixed signifies that only fixed capital is counted and financial assets, stocks of inventories etc are excluded.
• GFCF also excludes land sales and purchases.

Incremental Capital Output Ratio (ICOR)

•  ICOR is used to assess a country’s level of production efficiency. ICOR equals Annual Investment/Annual Increase in GDP. Higher levels of ICOR mean that capital is not being used efficiently to increase production. Generally, for most countries ICOR is around 3.

1.5 ORGANISATIONS IN INDIA RELATED TO NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTS
Central Statistical Organisation

• Central Statistical Office (CSO), was set-up in 1949. It is one of the two wings of the National Statistical Organisation (NSO), along with National Sample Survey Office (NSSO), responsible for coordination of statistical activities in the country and for evolving and maintaining statistical standards
• Its activities include compilation of national accounts, conduct of annual survey of industries and economic census, compilation of index of industrial production, as well as consumer price indices.
•  It also deals with various social statistics, training, international cooperation, industrial classification etc.

National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• NSSO was set-up in 1950, for conducting large scale sample surveys to meet the data needs of the country, for the estimation of national income and other aggregates.
• It was recognised in 1970, by bringing together all aspects of survey work under a single agency known as NSSO.
•  NSSO undertakes the fieldwork of Annual Survey of Industries in the whole country except Jammu and Kashmir.

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. The national income of a country for a given period is equal to the __? (CSE 2013)
a) Total value of goods and services produced by the nationals
b) Sum of total consumption and investment expenditure
c) Sum of personal income of all individuals
d) Money value of final goods and services produced
2. In the context of Indian economy, consider the following statements. (CSE 2011)
1. The growth rate of GDP has steadily increased in the last five years.
2. The growth rate in per capita income has steadily increased in the last five years.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) neither 1 nor 2

3. Which of the following pairs about India’s economic indicator and agricultural production (all in rounded figures) are correctly matched? (CSE 2008)
1. GDP per capital : Rs. 37,000 Current prices
2. Rice : 180 million tons
3. Wheat : 75 million tons
Select the correct answer using the code given below
a) 1, 2 and 3
b) 1 and 2 only
c) 2 and 3 only
d) 1 and 3 only
ANSWERS:
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (d)

 

WB Madhyamik Routine 2021 (Out): Check Exam Schedule Here

WBBSE has scheduled the WB Madhyamik exams 2021 between June 1 and 10. The board had released the WB Madhyamik routine 2021 on December 26, 2020. The WBBSE routine 2021 is made available on the official website, wbbse.org. West Bengal Board madhyamik routine 2021 comprises the exam date and timings for both regular and external exams. It also contains important exam day instructions. According to the West Bengal Madhyamik routine 2021, the exams are held in a single shift from 11:45 am to 3 pm. Students must refer to the West Bengal 10th time table 2021 while preparing for the exams. It is also recommended to complete the entire syllabus to leave enough time for revision.

Steps to download West Bengal Madhyamik Routine 2021

Students should follow the given steps to download Madhyamik exam routine 2021 West Bengal:

• Visit the West Bengal Board Of Secondary Education's official website @wbbse.org
• Click on the “Exam Schedule 2021″, available in the top menu
• Now, a page with a link to “Madhyamik Pariksha(S.E.),2021-Programme“appears on the screen
• Click West Bengal Madhyamik exam routine pdf to check the exam dates
• Download the West Bengal Madhyamik routine 2021 and take its print out for future use

West Bengal Madhyamik Routine 2021 - Important Points

• As per the West Bengal madhyamik pariksha routine 2021, students will get an extra 15 minutes for reading the question papers and students can start writing at 12 noon
• Shorthand & Typewriting exam will be conducted at Kolkata and Siliguri only. West Bengal Madhyamik exam dates for the same will be announced later
• The exam duration of Sewing and Needle Work is 4 hours 15 minutes
• The duration of the Music Vocal & Music Instrumental theory exam is 2 hours 15 minutes. The venue and date for the practical exam in these subjects to be announced later
• The duration of Computer Application theory exam is 2 hours 45 minutes. The practical exams will be held at individual schools
• According to West Bengal Madhyamik routine 2021, the duration of Vocational Subjects (under NSQF Project) is 1 hour 45 minutes. Practicals of these subjects will be conducted by the Sector Skill Council or individual schools

http://wbbse.org/Files/mpse_2021_09022021.pdf

 

CBSE Sample Papers 2021 for Class 10 – Computer Application

CBSE Sample Paper for Class 10 Computer Application is now available here for download as PDF, with solutions. Students must use the latest updated CBSE sample papers for board exam preparation for Computer Application subject. This is the model question paper that Central Board of Secondary Education has officially published for the 10th class board exams 2021 at cbse.nic.in, cbseacademic.in. For students with Computer Application as a subject, this is the right place to get CBSE sample papers for class 10 2021 pdf with solutions for download. Also, best wishes for your Computer Application exam!

CBSE Class 10 Computer Application Sample Paper 2021

Class: X  | Subject: Computer Application

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HS 2021 MODERN COMPUTER APPLICATION QUESTIONS PATTERN

HS 2021

MODERN COMPUTER APPLICATION

QUESTIONS PATTERN

HS 2021 MODERN COMPUTER APPLICATION QUESTIONS PATTERN

 

ENIAC

 

ENIAC

In 1942, physicist John Mauchly proposed an all-electronic calculating machine. The U.S. Army, meanwhile, needed to calculate complex wartime ballistics tables. Proposal met patron.

The result was ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer), built between 1943 and 1945—the first large-scale computer to run at electronic speed without being slowed by any mechanical parts. For a decade, until a 1955 lightning strike, ENIAC may have run more calculations than all mankind had done up to that point.